Simulating the roles of crevasse routing of surface water and basal friction on the surge evolution of Basin 3, Austfonna ice cap
The marine-terminating outlet in Basin 3, Austfonna ice cap, has been accelerating since the mid-1990s.Stepwise multi-annual acceleration associated with seasonal summer speed-up events was Salts observed before the outlet entered the basin-wide surge in autumn 2012.We used multiple numerical models to explore hydrologic activation mechanisms for t